Thinking future

Reading a book on neuroscience now.

I came to know that the front part of the brain >>>Frontal region is responsible for future thinking, you mayt call it planning and also for past memories.

How to remeber essential amino acids>>>>>

.
"VIM TALL PaTH"
Now start with the letters
(1) V - valine.
(2) I - Isoleucine.
(3) M - Methionine.
(4) T - Tryptophan.
(5) A - Arginine*.
(6) L - Leucine.
(7) L - Lysine.
(8) Pa - Phenyl alanine.
(9) T -Threonine.
(10)H - Histidine*.
Remember that no. 5/10 are semi essential AA.( MARKED WITH *)
THATS ALL
GOOD LUCK

Link to a website.....

http://www.biozone.co.nz/ ----------cool website like me ,you will get links to whatever you want related to biology.Go ahead.

Student exchange programme..........

Undergraduate Student Exchange - India with Korea

----- Forwarded Message ----
From: MUKESH GUPTA
To: indianscommunityinKorea@yahoogroups.com
Sent: Monday, 6 August, 2007 4:40:05 PM
Subject: Re: [Indians in Korea] Undergraduate Student Exchange - India with Korea

"Dr. Mukesh K. Gupta" wrote:
Dear IIK members,
Greetings! We have recently got approval from Korean Govt. for USD 6 million per year to exchange Korean students with foreign students at undergraduate level for research training in Animal Biotechnology with major focus in Reproduction, Genetic Engineering, Stem cells, Xenotransplantation , Food technology, and Proteomics. About 20 students would be exchanged during summer or winter vacation and all
expenses would be covered under the program. Being in the Board of Directors, I have the privilege and responsibility to collaborate with international universities and establish MOU. Currently, we have proposals from China, Singapore, Vietnam and Philippines but I would like to take more students from India. However, I am
concerned, whether Indian universities would be able to give a quality exposure to Korean students and justify the exchange of Indian students? My concern is particularly because my Korean students are technically very sound and have handled high-tech equipments that we even could imagine in many of our Indian
universities. Therefore, I would appreciate, if any of IIK members working in Korean universities can recommend the name of Indian universities that may b approached.

Mukesh K Gupta
Assistant Professor,
Department of Animal Biotechnology,
Konkuk University,
1, Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu,
Seoul 143 701, South Korea
Tel: +82-2-4503694/ 01081819484
Fax: +82-2-4578488
Mail: goops@konkuk. ac.kr

Magic Of thinking Big GO TO SINGAPORE

Singaopre attracts a huge amount of investment in lifescience sector.The advantage is that it is a global hot spot .I will be collecting more information when I will be visiting the institute at the end of the year.


I was reading this information on the web.............

Summer training programme and research opportunities at TLL,Sinapore
Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory (TLL) is a non-profit organization.
TLL is affiliated to the National University of Singapore and Nanyang Technological University. It is located within the campus of the National University of Singapore.It allows students (graduate/Undergraduate ) to take up summer training in its institution and provides research programmes leading to Ph.d.,.

WebLink to the Page ------http://www.tll.org.sg/

Rna Interferance:::::::::::::

new drug discovery field called RNA interference is hot, these days.



According to current theory, small snippets of RNA with just the right sequence should be able to interfere with the expression (translation) of genes with the corresponding complementary nucleotide sequence. Drug companies are racing to find the RNA sequences that would inactivate specific disease-causing genes. Presumably the therapeutic effect would be highly specific, since only certain genes would be inactivated. But is that how the RNA interference drugs currently under development actually work? New evidence just published online in Nature on March 26 (doi:10.1038/nature06783) suggests that the drugs may be working by a much more general mechanism – activation of the immune system. If so, the drugs may have side effects that have not yet been considered. The findings were such a surprise that the stock prices of small companies working on RNA interference drugs went down briefly.The Nature article is for experts only. For students, I suggest the more general New York Times article published online on Apr. 2 (“Study is Setback for Some RNA-Based Drugs”, http://nytimes.com/2008/04/02/business/02place.html).

New discovery about photosynthesis---


Photosynthesis -
The most important biological process on Earth. Photosynthesis by plants, algae, and some bacteria supports nearly all living things by producing food from sunlight, and in the process these organisms release oxygen and absorb carbon dioxide.
But research always bring something new and exciting
You know scientist have discovered that Certain marine microorganisms have evolved a way to break the rules , This doing different kind of microbes are DOing photosynthesis in new way they have stopped uptake of co2 and release of oxygen.
. This discovery impacts not only researchers basic understanding of photosynthesis, but importantly, it may also impact how microorganisms in the oceans affect rising levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide.
Cynobacteria
(formerly blue-green algae). These single-celled organisms dominate phytoplankton populations over much of the worlds oceans and are important contributors to global primary productivity. scientists wanted to understand how cynobacteria could thrive in the iron-poor waters that cover large areas of the ocean, since certain activities of normal photosynthesis require high levels of iron. While others had suggested a potential role of oxygen as accepting electrons from the photosynthetic apparatus in place of carbon dioxide, the studies by research group show that this activity is significant in the oligotrophic (nutrient-poor) oceans, which cover about half the oceans area.........

some tips for your exam.----

1.study hard with positive attitude mark my words discussion is very important in any kind of study,have good friends where ideas should be shared.

2.Frame of mind is important .....you know cheetah is the fastest ANIMAL ON THE PLANET butttttttttt misses the frequency with which the prey is running 7 or 8 times out of 10,the prey runs so fast because of motivation...jyada lecture nahi but be motivated yaar !!!

3.Look for the solutions instead of crying for problems.Read good books and my blog ,practice mock test.

Work hard and keep things simple ...Life is very exciting always remember that.

Brain .thoda bheja lagana................

Human brain consist of 10 billion neurons ,billion means one thousand million,and million is equivalent to 1o lakhs.

These neurons are again having 10,ooo connections or synapses. (one single neuron),therefore brain is so complex. Its having wiring that works like a computer but it has ability to learn ,sense of self being,Dendrite recieve inputs while axon give output.

In this sidewali;;;; Image you can see synapse ,It is a connection between two neurons,the distance between the synapse is 20 nm.Its very large na!!!

In this Image a neuron is preparing itself for communication i mean to say they have neurotransmitters for that purpose.

Brain learn by adding or deleting the connections between the neurons they also learn on the basis of experience.

One more thing when you give excuse for a break remember brain requires very ..very little amount o energy to work.

four peanuts will be sufficient to provide energy for this computer ....................

Some times you do not like reading your subject ,you want to close your books if your mood is not up to the mark.................. try to study some outside things related to your text in the free time or can we term it -Applied sciences.,(will be applied to your mind and to your scores.)

Today I was reading about nicotine replacing agent ,means that it is not harmaful to the body and taken as subsituent for smoking in a magzine.

Nicotine found in plants mimics the receptor found in the body .The brain becomes addict to the nictine because it releases dopamine .Dopamine is responsible for Mast-ram kind of behaviour in us.It makes us feel happy or dopamine causes feel good factor for us,so we become addicted to nicotine which releases dopamine.

Pfizer the largest drug selling company in the world launched champix (smoking sensation drug ) today in India.(we smoke a lot)

Miller Urey Experiment...........

THe experimental instruments....

Miller and stanley .... were students from university of chicago. They conducted a experiment resembling the earth's primordial(latin primordial means -starting.) atmosphere,the gases were introduced and organic compounds were produced with the help of electricity(resembling lightning)

Miller Urey experiment>>>>>>>

Earth was formed five billion years ago.The primitive atmosphere was reducing in nature consisting of gases such as methane,ammonia ,nitrogen,hydrogen and water.(You require reducing atmosphere for organic chemistry to take place means for the synthesis of organic molecules,you require What????

Yes...... reducing atmosphere. ,oxidizing atmosphere is neutral) The organic molecules were synthesized ..Out of 20 amino caids present 13 were synthesized in the experiment.

Good website for lifescience jobs.

Good website for lifescience jobs.;

www.pharmajobs.com,

you will be saved from unnecessary troble of filtering the jobs related to lifesciences on other job sites .

Inner mitochondrial membrane...............

Today I will write aboutr Inner mitochondrial membrane.

Mitochondria are powerhouse of a cell,they convert potential energy of the food into the Atp form. They are double membraned (pmt question),

Outer membrane is smooth but this membrane have complex formed by protiens.

Lets move to inner membrane............

YOu watch TV ..............if you have seen castrol advertize ,It comes like ...

crb plus ka vada engine ki umr jyada. Now this crb ........we will use to remember the enzyme present in mitochondrial membrane(inner)

C- for citric acid cycle.

R- enzymes for respiratory chain...

b-Beta oxidation of fatty acids.

remeber this for solving questions............. it means that you have crb enzymes present in the inner mitochondrail membrane..

Dna is superb molecule it contains codes for the proteins but how do dna control expressing of different genes in different cells is still a Mystery.........

Look at image in details ,important topic for exams.


. Chromosome 21 is the smallest chromosome with 50 million bases.Trisomy of ch-21 causes down syndrome or down's syndrome.

2nd image-- remember characters.





Today I will write about down syndrome. Trisomy of chromosome 21
Syndrome -means ,Signs+symptoms seen in a person ,showing the presence of a particular disease for eg if a person is in love he will show love signs and symptoms. so you can say friend........ you are having love syndrome... and difference between symptoms and sign ..symptom is for patient ,means patient can recognize it while sign is discovered by doctor.

Down Syndrome—

It is a genetic disorder taking place during early life. Plz tell how many chromosomes will a person with down syndrome have??45/47 gues

ans -47,normal no of chromosome is 46 but due to trisomy it will become 47.

This extra chromosome causes problem with the way brain and body develops.

Look at the head here ...The head is smaller than normal and abnormally shaped. can you spot on .........some difference in eyes?

yes.............>>> the eyes are rounded at the inner corners (see your eyes in the mirror) just joking...


Other symptoms are in the image above.........

Good website.

A link to a website to get free tutorials on physics,chemistry and biology'''''''''''''''''''''

www.rapidlearningcenter.com

I will be telling you ,some tips for remembring imp functns of cellular organelles. look at the pictures carefully.

Lysosomes- Waste disposal ----Imagine a servant for the cell to throw away its waste.

Mitochondria-Power House --- They are responsible for energy production. See the above Image ,outer membrane and cristae.



Rough Endoplasmic reticulum- It is Protein Construction zone. It is called rough because it is having ribosomes and ribosomes are protien factory .


Golgi apparatus/ Golgi bodies if pmt wants to confuse you –they can also say dictyosome.

I will tell you the trick, break the word, Golgi was the scientist and apparatus means-set of instruments to perform a specific task.Here the golgi complex have sacs to perform packing of lipids and proteins.

Sometimes biology is so exciting look at the simple cell ,It can put large factories to shame ,so many chemicals are synthesized out in it in such a controlled manner , in very small space think of it >>>>>>>>>.

The interior of the cell is like a fully packed , movie hall or a crowded road in your city.You Know!!! to study all the protiens in the cell , we have a separate field called Proteomics and to study metabolites inside the cell a new field called Metabolomics is emerging (It will be helpful in designing newer drugs)

A simple tip for your exam always remeber the words in biology and try to break them .(useful for theory and objective)

Example-Eukaryote ,chalo we will break it ( Eu - true,karyon-nucleus) your textbook also writes it but if we give attention to get the meaning of the words by breaking them ..........we will not have to break our head........... we can get good marks. Now nucleus is having membrane so co- relate it with eukaryotic cell,it will have membrane bound organelles inside it and this is main question for your puc exam. One more thing it is near about 10 times larger than chotu prokaryotic cell.

The first image is of fern having spores
. 2nd one is of fungal spore
3rd is of pollen grain.

What is the difference between a pollengrain and spore?


Thoda socho!!!


*


*


*


If you read about fungi you must have heard that they have pollen no Yaar!!


they have spores.,,,,The spores are found in smaller organisms.They are part of life cycle of algae,fungi,protozoans and plants...Remeber spores are usually Haploid and are produced by meiosis..

On the other hand...........

Pollen grains are vehicles on which male gametes are sitting or you can say they are like strong bikes having male gametes on them.Sporopollenin a substance found in exine (outer wall of pollen grains) is very strong.


So the main difference is-
Polllens are created by flowers and higher plants while spores are created by lower entities remember algae,fungi etc.

Today I am writing about lipitor----It belongs to statin class of drugs which help in lowering down the cholesterol level in the body.

LIPITOR…………….the largest selling drug in the world.

….

GENERIC NAME- ATORVASTATIN, marketed under the trade name lipitor is the member of the statin (cholesterol lowering drugs) class of drugs .It is an inhibitor of enzyme HMG-CoA reductase, responsible for production of cholesterol in the liver thus it reduces the cholesterol produced in the body and in turn it reduces the total amount of LDL cholesterol (low density lipoproteins –LDL, they transport cholesterol from tissue to the blood, therefore harmful for the body)

The drug is a competitive inhibitor of the enzyme. It is a synthetic lipid lowering agent ,HMG-CoA reductase converts 3-hydroxy -3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A to mevalonate ,a precursor of sterols ,including cholesterol .Cholesterol in the liver are incorporated into LDL and are released into plasma for delivery to peripheral tissues.Higher cholesterol levels promote cardiovascular diseases.

Mevalonatepathway…… It is an important cellular metabolic pathway present in all higher eukaryotes and many bacteria. It is important for the production of dimethylallyl pyrophosphate (DMAPP) and isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP) that serve as the basis for the biosynthesis of molecules used in processes as diverse as protein prenylation, cell membrane maintenance, hormones, protein anchoring and N-glycosylation.

Several key enzymes can be activated through DNA transcriptional regulation on activation of SREBP (Sterol Regulatory Element-Binding Protein-1 and -2). This intracellular sensor detects low cholesterol levels and stimulates endogenous production by the HMG-CoA reductase pathway, as well as increasing lipoprotein uptake by up-regulating the LDL receptor. Regulation of this pathway is also achieved by controlling the rate of translation of the mRNA, degradation of reductase and phosphorylation.

STATINS-

The statins (or HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors) form a class of hypolipidemicagents, used as pharmaceutical agents to lower cholesterol levels in people with or at risk for cardiovascular disease. They lower cholesterol by inhibiting the enzyme HMG-CoA reductase, which is the rate-limiting enzyme of the mevalonate pathway of cholesterol synthesis. Inhibition of this enzyme in the liver stimulates LDL receptors, resulting in an increased clearance of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) from the bloodstream and a decrease in blood cholesterol levels. The first results can be seen after one week of use and the effect is maximal after four to six weeks.

ROUTE OF ADMINISTRATION – ORAL

DOSAGE FORM/STRENGTH-10, 20, 40, 80- mg, tablets

SIDE EFFECTS-

Rare cases of muscle problems and liver problems have been associated with the use of atorvastatin and other similar medicines.. These may be early symptoms of muscle or liver problems.. Alcohol and atorvastatin can both be damaging to the liver. Alcohol should be used only in moderation.

ECONOMICS-

Pfizer is the company holding the patent rights for the drug, earning huge profits from it, the drug is expected to hit $13 billion mark this year.

Ranbaxy lost the legal case to produce the generic version of the drug. The Pfizer holds the U.S, patent for the drug till 2010.

Latest update-

According to the recent studies it is visible that this class of the drugs is not as much effective as they are projected by the large Pharma companies. The statins reduce heart attack risks but they are having side effects…. which can’t be ignored. (Business week, The Economic times)

Have any question in mind that excites you,not able to get the answer to it in any of the textbooks or by your lecturers (with respect) ?

Contact us at arpitmaheshwari06@gmail.com,we will reply within 15 days....questions must be related to biochemistry ,.human biology,genetics,medicine no botany please.....

Very good online notes material.

Here are two websites from where you can get lots of free notes material.

1 opencourseware@mit.edu. 2 http://ocwconsortium.org/

Guess ???? What are they!

They are phytoplanktons now you will ask what are phytoplanktons,they are small microscopic plants obviuosly seen with the help of microscope (above image) found in oceans.

USE>>>>They have silica In their cell walls ,we use it in the chemistry labs as filtering agents.

Some important facts you will like to know...

The distance between two neurons is 20nm and they are joined together by adhesive protiens .This protiens do not allow the movement .

The only egg laying mammal is platypus.

This question is very important ...it is in forefront of the heart related diseases worldwide..

Why do heart muscles do not repair ,contrast to other muscles of the body which can repair after an injury or accident?

This happens because the heart muscles have specialized cells called as cardiomyocytes-----we will break the word,cardio-heart,myo-muscles,cytes -cells.
This cells do not regenerate after an injury ,if scientist are able to find some method by using stem cells or any other process to solve this complex mechanism it will be amazing discovery to solve the heart related problems.

Biology is interesting,the way it is taught in our school is so boring if indian students follow some points return below..... the subject can be very interesting-

Ask doubts to your teachers.
Search the articles on the internet.
Read science magzines ,the way any research associate explains his work is totally different from your school teacher.
Internet images options is also present ,having the options for large ,medium and smaller size images.

I will write more in this one month vacation time ,,,,,,keep reading